A pH test measures the amount of acidity or basicity of a solution.

This test measures how resistant a liquid is to flowing, providing insight into its thickness or fluidity. In the pharmaceutical industry, viscosity is critical for ensuring consistent performance, proper dosing, and stability of liquid formulations, suspensions, and other products.

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) is used to measure the concentration of more than 70 elements in a liquid sample. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is commonly used to detect and quantify trace metals and inorganic impurities in raw materials, intermediates, and finished products.